OBSERVATION OF THE EARTH ORBITAL AND SUORBITAL SPACEFLIGHT MISSIONS

OBSERVATION OF THE EARTH ORBITAL AND SUORBITAL SPACEFLIGHT MISSIONS,

INCLUDING THE UNMANNED APOLLO-SATURN 4 AND 6 MISSIONS

( MERCURY PROGRAM THROUGH APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT)

Onboard Instruments and Material Used in Earth Observations

Program/Mission
Crewman
(dates flown)

Camera/Lenses/
Related viewing and
light measuring
instruments

Films/Filters

Binoculars/Minoculars
Spotting scopes

Television

Tape
recorders

Reference
information

Experiment's),
task(s)

Training of
crewman

Comments

References

MERCURY

Mercury-Redstone 3
Shepard
(May 5,1961)

Maurer model 220G 70 mm
camera (fixed camera system)

Super Anscochrome film

None

General information
photography

None

More than 150 excellent photo-
graphs taken of sky, clouds,
and ocean

1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
11, 13, 14

Mercury-Redstone 4
Grissom
(July 21,1961)

Mauer model 220G 70 mm
camera (fixed camera system)

Super Anscochrome film

None

General information
photography

none

Photography taken over the
Atlantic Ocean, North and
Central Africa

4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11,
13, 14

Mercury-Atlas 6
Glenn
(February 20,1962)

Ansco Autoset 35 mm
camera, 55 mm lens

Eastman color negative
type 5250 film

None

General information photography
of Earth, Meteorological photo-
graphy planned

None

48 photographs taken of clouds,
oceans, northwest Africa

3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, 12, 13, 14

Mercury-Atlas 7
Carpenter
(May 24,1962)

Robot Recorder 35 mm camera

Eastman color negative
type 5250 film

None

Photograph selected areas for
terrain photography

None

155 photographs taken of Earth
and Earth's limb

4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14

Mercury-Atlas 8
Schirra
(October 3,1962)

Hasselblad 500C 70 mm camera
(NASA Modified); Zeiss 80 mm Planar f/2.8 lens

Super Anscochrome film

None

Reference list of areas and
features to be photographed for Synoptic Terrain Photography Experiment

Synoptic Terrain Photography Experiment

3 hour briefing to Schirra and Cooper by
P.D. Lowman, Jr. covering essentials of
physical geology, rationale for the experiment, sites, and photographic techniques for the Synoptic Terrain Photography Experiment. Meteorology for operational purposes briefing given by S. Soules and K. Nagler

Photography obtained of poor
quality due to general over-
exposure

4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11,
12, 13, 14

Mercury-Atlas 9
Cooper
(May 15 & 16,1963)

Hasselblad 500C 70 mm camera
(NASA Modified); Zeiss 80 mm Planar f/2.8 lens

Ultraspeed Anscochrome
(fpc-289) film

None

Reference list of areas and
features to be photographed for Synoptic Terrain Photography Experiment

Synoptic Terrain Photography Experiment

Same as MA-8

29 photographs taken of Earth and cloud features. Astronaut Cooper made a number of interesting observations on visibility and color of Earth features.

4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14

GEMINI

Gemini-Titan III
Grissom-Young
(March 23,1965)

Hasselblad 500C 70 mm camera
(NASA Modified); Zeiss 80 mm Planar f/2.8 lens

70 mm, Ektachrome
MS SO-217 film Haze
filter

None

General Terrain and meteorology
information photography

See comments

Gemini crewmen were briefed by
Manned Spacecraft Center personnel in Houston on camera hardware, Terrain and Meteorology Photography Experiment objectives, techniques, and areas to be photographed
2520 Earth-looking photographs taken during the Gemini Missions
219 Earth-looking photographs taken during GT III

9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
16, 17, 18, 23, 26, 31
32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 109

Gemini-Titan IV
McDivitt - White
(June 3-7, 1965)

Hasselblad 500C 70 mm camera
(NASA Modified); Zeiss Planer 80 mm f/2.8 lens
Zeiss Contarex 35 mm camera; 250 mm lens

70 mm Ektachrome MS SO-217 and 3401 films.
Ansochrome D-200 film Haze filter

None

Synoptic Terrain Photography
Experiment S005, Synoptic Weather
Photography Experiment S006

Briefings on Experiments S005 and S006

219 Earth-looking photographs taken

9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32,
33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 98,
102, 107, 109

maurer 16 mm motion picture camera

Ektachrome film

Gemini-Titan V
Cooper - Conrad
(August 21-29, 1965)

Hasselblad 500C 70 mm camera
(NASA Modified); Zeiss Planer 80 mm f/2.8 lens
Zeiss Contarex 35 mm camera; 250 mm lens, 1200mm Questar
lens

70 mm Ektachrome MS
SO-217 and 3401 film

Anscochrome D-50 and
D-200 films.
Haze filter

None

Same as above.
Visual Acuity Experiment S008.
Surface photography Experiment
D006

Briefings on Experiments S005, S006,
S008, and D006

250 Earth-looking photographs
taken

9, 10,11, 12, 13, 14,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
22, 23, 24, 25, 26,
27, 28, 29, 31, 32,
33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
107, 109

Maurer 16 mm motion picture camera Spotmetr

Ektachrome film

Gemini-Titan VI-A
Schirra - Stafford
(December 15, 16, 1965)

Hasselblad 500C 70 mm camera
(NASA Modified); Zeiss Planer 80 mm f/2.8 lens

70 mm Ektachrome MS SO-217 and type 2475 films
Haze filter

Experiment S005. Experiment
S006

Briefings on Experiments S005 and S006

192 Earth-looking photographs taken

9, 10,11, 12, 13, 14,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
22, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 107, 109

Maurer 16 mm motion picture camera Spotmetr

Ektachrome film

Gemini-Titan VII
Boreman - Lovell
(December 15, 16, 1965)

Hasselblad 500C 70 mm camera
(NASA Modified); Zeiss 80 mm Planar f/2.8 lens
Zeiss Contarex 35 mm camera; 250 mm lens

70 mm Ektachrome MS SO-217 and Ektachrome Infrared 8443;
Panatomic X 3400, and type 2475 films
Haze filter

None

Experiment S005.
Experiment S006.
Experiment S008.
Landmark Contrast Measurement Experiment M412

Briefings on Experiments S005, S006,
S008, and m412

429 Earth-looking photographs taken

9, 10,11, 12, 13, 14,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,
33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
107, 109

Maurer 16 mm motion picture camera Spotmetr

Ektachrome film

Gemini-Titan VIII
Armstrong - Scott
(March 16, 1966)

Hasselblad 500C
(NASA Modified); Zeiss Planar 80 mm f/2.8 lens

maurer 16 mm motion picture camera

70 mm Ektachrome MS SO-217 film
Haze filter

Ektachrome film

None

General Terrain and meteorology
information photography

See comments for GT III

19 photographs taken; one of Earth's limb, six Earth-looking oblique photographs

10,11, 12, 13, 14,
16, 18, 30, 32, 33, 37,109

Maurer 16 mm motion picture camera Spotmetr

Ektachrome film

Gemini-Titan IX-A
Stafford - Cernan
(June 6, 1966)

Hasselblad 500C
(NASA Modified); Zeiss Planar 80 mm f/2.8 lens
Hasselblad Super Wide Angle-C
(NASA Modeified) Zeiss Biogon
38mm, f/4.5 lens
Maurer 70 mm Space Camera;
Xenotar 80 mm f/2.8 lens

70 mm Ektachrome MS SO-217 film
Haze filter

None

General Terrain and meteorology
information photography

See comments for GT III

362 Earth-looking photographs taken

10,11, 12, 13, 14,
16, 18, 25, 26, 27, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37

Maurer 16 mm motion picture camera Spotmetr

Ektachrome film

Gemini-Titan X
Young - Collins
(July 18-21, 1966)

Hasselblad:Super Wide Angle
Zeiss Biogon 38 mm, f/4.5 lens
Maurer 70 mm Space Camera; Xenotar 80 mm, f/2.8 lens

70 mm Ektachrome MS SO-217 film
Haze filter

None

Experiments S005, S006, M412.
Color patch photography Ex-
periment M410

Briefings on Experiments S005, S006,
M410, and M412

371 Earth-looking photographs taken

10,11, 12, 13, 14,
16, 18, 20, 25, 26, 27, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,109

Maurer 16 mm motion picture camera Spotmetr

Ektachrome film

Gemini-Titan XI
Conrad - Gordon
(September 12-15, 1966)

Hasselblad:Super Wide Angle
Zeiss Biogon 38 mm, f/4.5 lens
Maurer 70 mm Space Camera; Xenotar 80 mm, f/2.8 lens

70 mm Ektachrome MS SO-368 film
Haze filter

None

Experiments S005, S006

Briefings on Experiments S005, S006,

238 Earth-looking photographs taken

10,11, 12, 13, 14,
16, 18, 25, 26, 27, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,109

Maurer 16 mm motion picture camera Spotmetr

Ektachrome film

Gemini-Titan XII
Conrad - Gordon
(November 11-15,
1966)

Hasselblad:Super Wide Angle
Zeiss Biogon 38 mm, f/4.5 lens
Maurer 70 mm Space Camera; Xenotar 80 mm, f/2.8 lens

70 mm Ektachrome MS SO-368 film
Haze filter

None

Experiments S005, S006 and ocean features photography

Briefings on Experiments S005, S006,
and ocean features

415 Earth-looking photographs taken

10,11, 12, 13, 14,
16, 18, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,109

Maurer 16 mm motion picture camera Spotmetr

Ektachrome film

APOLLO

Apollo-Saturn 4
(November 9, 1967)

Maurer Model 220G 70 mm
Sequence Camera; Ektar 76 mm f/2.8 lens (exposure setting 1/500 of a second)

70 mm Ektachrome MS So-368 film

None

Acquisition and return of highest
altitude photography
(~10,000 n.mi.) taken of Earth

Unmanned

712 photographs of Earth from
~10,000 n. mi. altitude (2,138
Earthlooking photographs taken with
70 mm camera during the Apollo 4, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 missions)

11, 38

Apollo-Saturn 6
(April 4, 1968)

Maurer Model 220G 70 mm
Sequence Camera; Ektar 76 mm f/2.8 lens

70 mm Ektachrome MS So-368 film

None

To obtain sequenced vertical
photographs of Earth in stereo

Unmanned

Vertical or near-vertical photographs of
Earth between 99 and 165n. Mi. 372
Earth-looking photographs taken.

13, 31, 32, 38, 39,
40, 41, 42, 43, 102,
103, 107

Apollo-Saturn 7
Schirra -
Eisele Cunningham
(October 11-22, 1968)

Hasselblad Model 500C (NASA Modified); Zeiss Planar 80 mm f/2.8 lens

70 mm Ektachrome MS SO-368, SO-121, and B&W type 3400 film, Wratten 2A, 25A (red) and 58 (green) filters used with SO-121 film.

Ektachrome SO-121 film

Leitz Monocular Telescope (10X magnification, objective diameter 40 mm)

TV equipment, hand held or mounted. (Black & White)

Data tape recorder. Speed 3.75, 15, 120 ips; Tape 2250 ft.

Apollo Earth Orbital Map
Apollo Earth Landmark Maps (1:1,000,000)

Synoptic Terain Photography Experiment S005.
Synoptic Weather Photography Experiment S006

Briefings on Experiments S005, S006

Photographs taken of Earth between 86 and 198 n.mi.
502 Earth-looking photographs taken. Hardware training for general photography and experiments given for each Apollo Mission.

12, 13, 14, 31, 32, 37, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 103, 109

Maurer 16 mm sequence cam-
era; 75 mm lens

Apollo-Saturn 9
McDivett-Scott-
Schweickart
(March 3-13,1969)

Hasselblad Model 500EL (NASA Modified); Zeiss Planar 80 mm f/2.8 lens
SO65 Experiment
Hasselblad Model 500EL, Zeiss Planar 80 mm, f/2.8 lens, Photar 15 filter
Haselblad Model 500EL Zeiss Planar 80 mm, f/2.8 lens, Photar 58B filter
Haselblad Model 500EL Zeiss Planar 80 mm, f/2.8 lens, Photar 89B filter
Haselblad Model 500EL Zeiss Planar 80 mm, f/2.8 lens, Photar 25A filter

70 mm Ektachrome MS SO-368 film
Haze filter

70 mm Ektachrome IR,
SO-180 film

70 mm B&W Panatomic X, type 3400 film

70 mm B&W Infrared SO-246 film

70 mm B&W Panatomic X, type 3400 film

Leitz Monocular Telescope (10X magnification, objective diameter 40 mm)

TV equipment, hand held or mounted. (Black & White)
(Apollo 10 first color TV flown)

Data tape recorder. Speed 3.75, 15, 120 ips; Tape 2250 ft.

Lists and Maps of the earth resources test sites to be photographed for the SO65 Experiment.
Apollo Earth orbital map.
Apollo Earth Landmark Maps (1:1,000,000)

Multispectral Photography Experiment SO65.
Terrain, meteorology, air glow, and Earth's limb sites of opportunity were planned.

Crewmen instructed in operation of handheld cameras and Multispectral Photography Experiment SO65 cameras.

127 vertical or near vertical photographs taken of Earth in each of the four bands of the SO65 Experiment.
1157 Earth-looking photographs taken with the handheld Hasselblad 70 mm camera. Science Support Team of Earth Resource Specialists available at MSC during mission. (A number of excellent 70 mm handheld color photographs were taken of the Earth during Earth Orbit and enroute to and from the Moon on the Apollo 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17 missions.

12, 13, 14,
32, 37, 43, 44, 45, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58,, 102, 103, 104, 107, 109

Maurer 16 mm Data-Acquisition
Camera (DAC), 75 mm lens

Ektachrome SO-368 film

SKYLAB

Skylab 2
Conrad-Kerwin-Weitz
(May 25-June 22, 1973)

MULTISPECTRAL PHOTO-
GRAPHIC FACILITY (s190)
Multispectral Photographic Camera ( S190A). Six Itek 70 mm boresighted cameras with high precision f/2.8, 21.2 degree FOV lenses.

                Film           Filter
Station    (70mm)     Wavelength
   1          IR aero-        0.7-0.8um
               graphic
               B&W
    2         IR aero-        0.8-0.9um
               graphic
               B&W
    3         Aerchrome 0.5-0.88um
               IR color,
               type ek2243
    4         Aerial color 0.4-0.7um
               (high reso-
                lution), type
               SO-356
    5         Panatomic-X 06-0.7um
              aerial B&W
              type SO-022
    6        Panatomic-X 0.5-0.6um
              aerial B&W
              type SO-022

Leitz Trinovid 10 x 40
Binoculars (Space modified)

Westinghouse
color 25-150mm
zoom. Focus range 20" to infinity

Data tape recorder. Speed 3.75, 15, 120 ips; Tape 2250 ft.
Video tape recorder, recording time 30 min.

Skylab Earth Orbital Map
United States Map Assembly

Obtain data with the Earth re-
sources Experiment Package(EREP) sensors.
Obrtain general information photography of Earth

Briefings by P.D. Lowman (terrain), W. Shenk (atmosphere), L. Dunkelman (dim light).
Short lived Phenomena Briefing by R.A. Citron.
Briefings n general photographic hardware

35,000 frames cycled through S190A during Skylab 2, 3, and 4. (Not all of these were exposed or Earth-looking)

32,994 Earth-looking photographs taken with S190A and 5,569 Earth-looking photographs taken with S190B during Skylab 2,3,and 4

302 Earth-looking photographs taken with the handheld hasselblad 70 mm camera, and 355 Earth-looking photographs taken with the handheld Nikon 35 mm cameras

A numbr of Earth-looking TV passes were performed

Note: The S190A, S190B and S191 are instruments in the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP) which obtained information of the Earth in numerous spectral regions during the three manned Skylab flights. Other EREP sensors included in this table, as the data gathered by these instruments is not within the scope of photographic and visual information contained in this document

44, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 71, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85

Actron Earth Terrain Camera
(S190B). Five inch format, f/4
lens, 18 inch focal length

   Film                  Wavelength
Aerial color            None/
(high resolution)     0.4-0.7 um
type SO-242
Aerial B&W          Wratten 12
(high definition)      equivalent
type EK3414         0.5-0.7 um

16mm DAC boresighted on
Visual Tracking System Infrared
Spectrometer (S191) field of view

Ektachrome, SO-368 film

Hasselblad Model 500EL
(electric data camera system with Reseau plate); 70 mm camera, 100 mm lens.

70 mm Ektachrome, SO-368, film

Nikon 35 mm Cameras (5); with 55 mm and 300 mm lenses

Ektachrome, SO-368,SO-168, 2485 and 2443 type film

Maurer 16 mm DAC; 5, 10, 18, 25, 75, & 100 mm lenses

Ektachrome, SO-368 and SO-168
film

Skylab 3
Bean-Garriott-Lousma
(July 28-Sept. 25, 1973)

S190A, S190B, Hasselblad, Nikon, and DA's same as Skylab 2.

S190A, Hasselblad, Nikon, and DAC's film & filters same as Skylab 2

Leitz Trinovid 10 x 40
Binoculars (Space modified)

Same as
Skylab 2

Skylab Earth Orbital Map.

United States Map Assembly.

Manual for 70 mm Handheld Photography from skylab.

Skylab S191 Site Map Data Pkg.

Manual for 70 mm Hand-Held Photography from Skylab (Approx. 3"x7" spiral book taken aboard by Dr. Garriott in his personal effects).

SL4 Visual Observations book.

SL4 General Map Pkg.

Obtain data with the Earth re-
sources Experiment Package(EREP) sensors.
Obrtain general information photography of Earth

Terrain features briefing by P.D. Lowman
Short lived Phenomena briefing by R.A. Citron
Briefings on general photographic hardware

642 Earth-looking photographs taken with
the handheld Hasselblad 70 mm camera,
and 537 Earth-looking photographs taken
with the handheld Nikon 35 mm cameras

A number of Earth-looking TV passes were performed

44, 59, 60, 61, 63,
64, 66, 67, 71, 76,
77, 78, 79, 81, 82,
83, 84, 85

Earth Terrain Camera (S190B)

   Film                  Wavelength
Type SO-242        None/
                           0.4-0.7 um
Type EK3414        Wratten 12
                           equivalent
                           0.5-0.7 um
Infrared color,       Wratten 12
Type EK3443       equivalent/
                           0.5-0.88 um

Obtain data with the Earth re-
sources Experiment Package(EREP) sensors.
Obrtain general information photography of Earth

20 hrs. of scientific permission briefings
on Earth Resources and Meteorology
Short lived Phenomena briefing by R.A.
Citron
Briefings on general photographic
hardware

1260 Earth-looking photographs taken
with the handheld Hasselblad 70 mm camera, and 1255 Earth-looking photographs taken with the handheld Nikon 35 mm cameras

A number of Eartholooking TV passes were
performed

44, 59, 60, 61, 63,
64, 68, 69, 70, 71,
72, 73, 74, 75, 76,
77, 78, 79, 80, 81,
82, 83, 84, 85, 86,
118

Skylab 4
Carr-Gibson-Pogue
(Nov. 161973-Feb. 8, 1974)

S190A, S190B, Haselblad, Nikon, and DAC's same as Skylab 2 & 3.

S190A, Hasselblad, Nikon, and DAC's film & filters same as Skylab 2&3

Leitz Trinovid 10 x 40
Binoculars (Space modified)

Same as
Skylab 2

Earth Terrain Camera (S190B)

   Film                  Wavelength
Type SO-242        None/
                           0.4-0.7 um
Type EK3414        Wratten 12
                           equivalent
                           0.5-0.7 um
Infrared color,       Wratten 12
(high res)             equivalent/
Type EK3443       0.5-0.88 um

APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT

Apollo-Soyuz
Test Project
Stafford-Slayton-Brand
(July 15-24, 1975)

Two 70 mm Hasselblad Model 500EL Cameras:
One reflex camera with 50 mm and 250 mm lenses
One electric Data Camera System with Reseau plate with 60 mm and 100mm lenses

   Film                  Wavelength
Type SO-242       Wratten 2A
So-368 (QX807)    Film coated
                           with equivalent
                           of Wratten 2A
Infrared color,       Wratten 12
type 2443             equivalent

Leitz Trinovid 10 x 40
Binoculars (Space modified)

ASTP Television
System (Camera,
Lens, Monitor).
Operated in Apollo
and Soyuz. Zoom
6-1 and 3-1.
Range 25-150 mm, 9-27 mm. F-stop 4.4-44, 3.5-35.
Focus 20"-inf,. 1'-inf. (modified Westinghouse)

Modified Sony
Cassette-Coder
Model TC-SS
for voice recorder
and playback.
Video tape recorder
Recording time 30
min. Data tape
recorder same
as Skylab

ASTP Earth Observations Book
ASTP Earth Observatons map
World Map Package
ASTP Orbital Map
Color Wheel

Earth Observations and photo-
graphy Experiment MA-136

17 hours of scientific permission briefings on Earth Resources and Meteorology.
29 hours of site and operations training.
~50 hours of Earth observations training from T-38 aircraft and related briefings

1916 Earth-looking photographs taken;
751 good exposures obtained

A number of Earth-looking TV passes
were performed

87, 88, 89, 90, 91,
92, 93, 94, 95, 96

One 35 mm Nikon Camera 35 mm lens (interior photography), 300 mm lens (extrior photography)

Ektachrome

16mm Data Acquisition Camera; 10 mm, 25 mm, and 75 mm lenses.

Ektachrome

Spotmeter