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			Photo #: ISS023-E-15142 Date: Mar. 2010 Geographic Region: PHILIPPINES Feature: SEMIRARA ISLANDS, PANIAN COALFIELD



	Panian Mine, Semirara Island, Philippines This detailed astronaut photograph provides a rare cloud-free view of the northern end of Semirara Island, which is located approximately 280 kilometers to the south of Manila in the Philippines. The northern part of the island is dominated by the Panian Coalfield, the largest of three coalfields on the island. Most of the coal is used for energy generation in the Philippines, with some exported to India and China. The Panian coalfield is being mined using open-pit methods. The rock and soil above the coal layers (or seams) is known as overburden. Overburden is removed from the pit and heaped into piles, several of which ring the northern half of the pit. Several of the dark coal seams are visible along the sunlit southern wall of the pit (these may be more visible in the larger image version). Plumes of sediment from the overburden piles enter the Sulu Sea along the northern and eastern coastline of the island. The Semirara coalfields formed from 12-23 million years ago along what was then a coastal plain--similar to the current geologic environment of the southeastern Gulf Coast of the United States. Organic materials were deposited in sequences of sandstone and mudstone, which were then covered by limestones as the environment became progressively more marine. Over geologic time, increased pressure from the overlying rocks changed the layers of organic material into coal.

Images:	All Available Images Low-Resolution 223k
Mission:	ISS023
Roll - Frame:	E - 15142
Geographical Name:	PHILIPPINES
Features:	SEMIRARA ISLANDS, PANIAN COALFIELD
Center Lat x Lon:	12.1N x 121.4E
Film Exposure:		N=Normal exposure, U=Under exposed, O=Over exposed, F=out of Focus
Percentage of Cloud Cover-CLDP:	10
Camera:	N2
Camera Tilt:	18	LO=Low Oblique, HO=High Oblique, NV=Near Vertical
Camera Focal Length:	800
Nadir to Photo Center Direction:	NE	The direction from the nadir to the center point, N=North, S=South, E=East, W=West
Stereo?:		Y=Yes there is an adjacent picture of the same area, N=No there isn't
Orbit Number:	1121
Date:	20100331	YYYYMMDD
Time:	084651	GMT HHMMSS
Nadir Lat:	11.5N	Latitude of suborbital point of spacecraft
Nadir Lon:	120.6E	Longitude of suborbital point of spacecraft
Sun Azimuth:	270	Clockwise angle in degrees from north to the sun measured at the nadir point
Space Craft Altitude:	185	nautical miles
Sun Elevation:	19	Angle in degrees between the horizon and the sun, measured at the nadir point
Land Views:	COAST, ISLAND
Water Views:	SEA, SEDIMENT
Atmosphere Views:
Man Made Views:
City Views:

Photo is not associated with any sequences

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